Taking Patient History

A good history taking is an important first step in treating the patient. Each person will develop their own style and technique, but good interview will likely include the basic elements.

The better you understand your patient, the treatment plan(Physician) will be and the more likely you will be to get good patient compliance.

Two parts of patients interview:
1. Office Setting – it is important because it creates the environment in which you and the patient must interact. It is normal to expect patients to experience some degree of anxiety during an initial interview and that is because you are a complete stranger. HIPAA compliance is a must during patient interview.

2. The Process of Interview – Use an “Open-ended questions”. (Example: Tell me about your problem?) Note: Document Chief complaint, Sign and Symptoms.

Here are the basic elements:
1. Greet the Patient ( Introduce yourself, Identify the patient, Assessment of the patient’s overall appearance and demeanor.

2. Personal History starts by asking ( Age, Occupation, Sex, Height/Weight, Marital/Family Status)

3. Chief complaint (CC) or Presenting complaint (Why is the patient seek care?, What other problems concern the patient has?)

4. History of present illness (Location, radiation , duration, severity of complaint then the timing of onset, Situation(setting) onset, previous similar complaints, Exacerbating and Relieving factors, Associated symptoms and Patient’s explanation of complaint).

5. Past Medical History
a. Systematic questioning regarding previous adult illness such as Neurological/Psychiatric, Eye/Ears/Nose/Throat(EENT), Skin/Hair/Nails, Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular/Respiratory, Genital-urinary & GI tract.
b. Childhood Illness
c. Surgeries, injuries or hospitalizations
d. OB/GYN (Birth Control, Pregnancies/Births, Menstrual period, Pelvic exams/Pap smear)
e. Psychiatric
f. Immunizations
g. Screening tests
h. Allergies

6. Family history ( Disease history, Parental health and Children’s health)
7. Drug history (Current medication, Prescription and Over -the -counter)
8. Lifestyle (social history)
a. Alcohol
b. Smoking
c. Recreation drug use
d. Sexual lifestyle/orientation
e. Reproductive status
f. Occupational issues

Anatomical Terminology

Directional Terms – describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or location in the body.

1.Superior or cranial – toward the head end of the body; upper(example: the hand is part of the superior extremity).

2. Inferior or caudal– away from the head; lower(example: the foot is part of the inferior extremity).

3. Anterior or ventral – front(example: the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).

4. Medial              – toward the midline of the body(example: the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).

5. Lateral             – away from the midline of the body(example: the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).

6.Proximal         – toward the nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example: the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).

7. Distal              – away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a part(example: the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm.

Planes of the Body:

1. Coronal Plane(Frontal Plane) – a vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

2. Sagittal Plane(Lateral Plane) – a vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of  its parts into right and left sides.

3. Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) – A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower part.

4.Medial Plane   -Sagittal plane through the midline of body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.

Body Cavaties – The cavities or spaces of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera.  The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped respiratory muscle.

Thoracic Cavaties – The upper ventral, thoracic or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the  ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura).

Dorsal Cavaties – The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.

Common Pharmacy Sig Codes and Abbreviations

 

a, an	before, without, ear
aa	of each, affected area
aaa	apply to affected area
ac	before a meal
ad	right ear or as directed or up to
ADD	attention deficit disorder
ADHD	attention deficit & hyperactivity disorder
ad lib	as often or as much needed
aft	afternoon
AIDS	acquired immune deficiency syndrome
am	morning
amt	amount
amp, inh	inhale nebs
ap	apply
APAP	acetaminophen (tylenol)
apl, app	applicatorful or applicator
aq, H20	water
as	left ear
ATC	around the clock
au	both ears
BBB	blood brain barrier
BC	birth control
bid	twice daily
biw	twice a week, every 2 weeks
bm	bowel movement
BP	blood pressure
BSA	body surface area
c	with
C	100
ca	calcium, cancer
CaCO3	calcium carbonate
CAD	coronary artery disease
cap	capsule
C & C	cough and congestion
cc	cubic centimeter
cd	cycle days (menstral)
CDC	centers for disease control and prevention
cf	cystic fibrosis, with food
cg	cough
CHF	congestive heart failure
cid	five times a day
CL	chlorine, chloride
cm	centimeter
cmpd, cpd	compound
CNS	central nervous system
CO2	carbon dioxide
COD	codiene
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CP	chest pain
CPR	cardiopulmonary resuscitation
cr	controlled release
cr, crm	cream
d	daily, right
D51/2NS	5% dextrose & 0.45 NS
D5W	5% dextrose in water
DAW	dispense as written (provider) no generic
DAW2	dispense as written (patient) no generic
dex	dextrose
d/c	discontinue, discharge
dis, disp	dispense
DS	double strength
DM	diabetes mellitus
DNS	do not substitute
DOB	date of birth
dtd	dispense as such doses
dx	diagnosis
EC	enteric coated (like aspirin) safe for stomach lining
ED	emergency department, erectile dysfunction
EDS	estimated days supply
EES	erythromycin ethylsuccinate
elix	elixir
EMS	emergency medical service
ENT	ear, nose and throat
eq	equivalent
ERT	estrogen replacement therapy
et	and
ETOC	alcohol (you drink)
FDA	food and drug administration
FE	iron
FeSo4	ferrous sulfate (iron)
fid	five times a day
5x/d	five times a day
fl oz	fluidounce
g, gm	gram
gal	gallon
gen	generic
GERD	gastroesophageal reflux disease
GH	grow hormone
GSW	gun shot wound
gr	grain, about 60 mg
gtt	drops
h, hr	hour
H20	water
ha	headache
HBP	high blood pressure
HCL	hydrochloride (easy to mix w/other drugs)
HCTZ	hydrochlorothiazide
HD	high dose
hs	bedtime
ic	before meals
ID	intradermal
IDDM	insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (use diag code)
IM	intramuscularly (for injectables)
inf	infection
inh	inhale nebs
inj	inject
IU	international unit, intrauterine
IV	intravenously
IVPB	iv piggyback
ivp	iv push
K, K+	potassium
k, kg	kilogram
kg	kilogram
l	liter
la	long acting
lb	pounds
liq	liquid
lot	lotion
LWI	lower respiratory infection
m	mix
max	maximum
MDI	metered dose inhaler
m ft	mix & make
meq, mEq	milliequivalent
mcg, ug	microgram
mg	milligram
min	minute
ml	milliliter
mm	millimeter
m	month
mo	month
na	nausea
neb	nebulizer
NKA	no know allergies
NKDA	no know drug allergies
no	number
noc, noct, pm	night
npo NPO	nothing by mouth
nr	no refill
NS	normal solution
NSAID	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
NTE	not to exceed
NTG	nitroglycerin
o	eye
02	oxygen
OC	oral contraceptive
od	right eye, once daily
OM	otitis media
os	left eye
OTC	over the counter
ou	both eyes
oz	ounce
p	after
pa	pain
pc	aftermeals
pcn	penicillin
PDR	physician’s desk reference
per	by, in (neb), per (time frame)
pm	evening, night
po	by mouth
pp	as needed for pain
pr, r, rec	rectally
pt	patient
prn	per requested need
pv, vag	vaginally, in the vagina
pulv	powder
q	every
qam, qm	every morning
qd	every day
qh	every hour
qhs	every night
q 4 h	every four hours
qsad	add to amount needed
q 7 pm	every day at 7 pm
qid	fours times a day
qn	every night
qod	every other day
qs	quantity suffient
qt	quart
r,rec, pr, PR	rectally
rept	repeat
rf	refill
rx	you take
s	left, without
sc	subcutaneous
sid	once daily (mostly vets)
sig	directions
sl	dissolve under the tongue (sublingually)
SMZ/TMP	sulfamethoxazile & trimethoprim
SMX/TMP	sulfamethoxazile & trimethoprim
sob	shortness of breathe
sol	solution
sq, sub-c	subcutaneous (for injectables)
SR	slow or sustained release
ss	one half, sliding scale (for insulin)
s/s	signs & symptoms
stat	immediately
subq, sub q	subcutaneous (for injectables)
supp	suppository
susp	suspension
sx	symptoms
syr	syrup
tab	tablet (s)
TAC	triamcinolone
tad	take as directed
tat	until all is taken
tea	teaspoonful, 5ml
tbs	tablespoonful, 15ml
tcn	tetracycline
td	transdermal
tid	three times daily
tinct	tincture
tiw	three times weekly
tpn	total parental nutrient
tsp	teaspoonful, 5ml
tr	time release
tx	treatment
u, U	unit, both
ud	as directed
ug	until gone
ung	ointment
URI	upper respiratory infection
vag, pv	vaginally, in the vagina
x3d	for 3 days
xl	extended release
xr	extended release
w	with, week
w/	with
WBC	white blood count
wc	with meals
w/f	with food
wk	weekly
w/o	without
wt	weight
YO	years old
/	per
<	less than
>	great than
i	one
ii	two
iii	three
iv	four
v	five

Human Pulse

Pulse – is when the left ventricle of the heart contracts. When this happens the blood is suddenly pushed from the ventricle to the main artery(Aorta). This sudden forcing of blood from the heart into the arteries causes two things to happen.

1. Artery Expansion – The sudden rush of blood increases the volume of blood in the arteries inorder to accept this increased volume, the arteries expand(stretch). As the arteries quickly contract(go back to normal size), blood is forced from the arteries, through the capillaries and into the veins.

2. Pulse – In addition to the expansion of the arteries, a “wave” travels through the arteries. This wave is surface of the body.

** Artery is palpated whhen a pulse is taken:
1. Radial Pulse – is taken at a point where the radial artery crosses the bones of the wrist. If the patient’s hand is turned so that the palm is up, the radial pulse is taken on the thum side of top side of the wrist.

2. Carotid Pulse – is taken on either sude of the trachea(windpipe). The best location is grooves located to the right and to left of the larynx (Adam’s Apple).

3. Brachial Pulse – is taken in the depression located about one-half inch above the crease on the inside(not the body side) of the elbow. This site is used when taking the patient’s blood pressure.

4. Temporal Pulse – is taken in the temple area on either side of the head. The temple area is located in front of the upper part of the ear. The pulse is felt just above a large, raised bony are called the sygomatic arch.

5. Ulnar – just like radial pulse, ulnar pulse is taken at the wrist only ulnar is taken on the other side of the wrist.

6. Femoral – is taken in the groin area by pressing the right or left femoral artery against the ischium(the lower part of the pelvic bones located in the front part of the body)

7. Popliteal – is taken in the middle of the area located on the inside of the knee (the area opposite the kneecap)

8. Posterior Tibial – is taken at the top of the ankle or just above the ankle on the back, inside part of the ankle.

9. Dorsalis Pedis – is taken on the top portion of the foot just below the ankle.(Middle area and not in the inside or outside area of the foot)

10.Apical – unlike other sites, the apical pulse is not taken over an artery. Instead, it is taken over the heart itself. (heartbeat) that can be felt over the apex of the heart(pointed lower end of the heart). It is located to the patient’s left of the breastbone and two to three inches above the bottom of the breastbone. Apical pulse is easily heard when using stethoscope.

What is PULSE Rate?
It is a number of times that you can feel a pulse wave passing a point in one minute. Since a pulse wave occurs whenever t he heart beats, the pulse rate is equal the heartbeat rate. However, taking a patient’s pulse means more than just determining his pulse rate. It is also includes noting certain factor of a pulse.

What factors are noted when taking a patient’s pulse?
You should note the strength and regularity of the pulse.

Pulse Rate:
A. Normal adult has a pulse of about 72 beats each time. Infants have higher average pulse rate.
Normal Value
1. Adult 60 to 100 bpm
2. Children 70 to 120 bpm
3. Toddlers 90 to 150 bpm
4. Newborns 120 to 160 bpm

B. Pulse rates that are outside the normal range are classified as TACHYCARDIA or BRADYCARDIA

1. Tachycardia – patient pulse rate is over 100 bpm, meaning “swift heart”. Constant tachycardia could be a sign of a certain diseases and heart problems. Often, it is temporary. Temporary Tachycardia, can be caused by exercise, pain, strong emotion, excessive heat, fever, bleeding or shock.

2. Bradycardia – patient pulse rate is below 50 bpm, meaning “slow heart”. it can be a sign of certain diseases and heart problems.

Strength
The force of the pulse is determined by the amount of blood forced into the artery by the heartbeat. A normal pulse has normal strength. And you can identify a normal strength with practice.

1. Bounding – if heart is pumping a large amount of blood with each heartbeat, the pulse will feel very strong (by leaps and bounds) which can be caused by exercise, anxiety, or alcohol comsumption.

2. Weak – if heart is pumping small amount of blood with each heartbeat, the pulse will be harder to detect. It is weak, feeble, or thready. If this happen you may have trouble finding(palpating) the first pulse.

3. Strong – is stronger than normal but is less than bounding. Shock and hemorrhage(serious bleeding) can cause strong pulse.

Rhythm
Is refers to the evenness of of the beats. In a regular pulse, the time between beats is the same(constant) and the beats are of the same strength.

1. Irregular -when the rhythm does not have an even pattern. The time between beats may change, or the strength of the beats may change or the pulse may vary in both time between beats and strength.

2. Intermittent – is a special type of irregular pulse. A pulse is intermittent when the strength does not vary greatly, but a beat is skipped(missed) either at regular or irregular intervals. if the missing beats in an intermittent pulse were present, then the pulse rhythm would be normal.

MedTerm “Combining Roots/Combining Forms/Prefixes/Suffixes”

1. liver – hepat/o
2. heart – cardi/o
3. stomach – gastr/o
4. kidney – nephr/o
5. nose – rhin/o
6. skin – derm/o

Prefix
1. slow brady
2. fast tachy
3. around peri
4. within endo
5. above normal hyper
6.below normal hypo

Suffix
1.ectomy surgical removal(excision)
2.otomy cutting into (incision)
3.ostomy surgically forming an opening
4.itis inflammation of
5.algia pain
6.cyte cell

Medical Terminology – Vocabulary

1. Cytology – study of cellular structure
2. Pathology – study of disease
3. Rhinorrhea – runny nose
4. Prognosis – prediction of an outcome of a disease
5. Anabolism – building up simple compound into more complex compound
6. Phlebitis – inflammation of the vein
7. Physiology -study of functions
8. Catabolism – the process of metabolism where substances are broken down into energy
9. Nosocomial – disease acquired in a medical facility
10.Microscopic – seen only with magnification
11.Macroscopic – visible to the eye without magnification
12.Homeostasis – the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilirium
13. Exacerbation – signs and symptoms acutely flare-up
14. Metabolism – all the chemical operation going on within our bodies
15. Remission – signs and symptoms of a chronic disease may disappear at times
16.Immune response- microscopic cells either attack or “eat” those harmful invaders or release powerful chemicals that disintegrate parts of the invading germs.

Vocabulary

1. Thrombocytopenia – lower than normal amount of platelets
2. Neutrophils – white blood cell is involved in fighting bacterial infections
– white blood cell normally makes up the majority of WBC
3. Eosinophils – white blood cell is involved in responding to allergic conditions and parasitic invasions
4. Polycythemia -the general term for disorders with a higher than normal amount of erythrocytes
5. Leukocytosis – the general term for disorders with a higher thank normail amount of leukocytes
6. Centrifuge – spin at a rapid and separates blood into two majoy components
7. CBC – complete blood count
8. BUN – blood urea nitrogen
9. Enzymes – complex protein that create changes or speed up changes or processes
10. Holter – monitor record cardiac activity for an extended period of time while the patient carries out his/her daily activities
11. PFT’s – (Pulmonary function test) measure air going in and out of the lungs.

Medical Office Management

Sample Q & A

1. CPT codes differ from ICD-9 codes because?
Answer: CPT – Procedure; ICD-9 – diagnoses

2. CMS 1500 is?
Answer; Universal Health Insurance

3. HIPPA legistation?
Answer: Regulates patient confidentiality

4. Organizations that certify MAs?
Answer: AAMA and AMT

5. Nonverbal communications also known as?
Answer: Body language

6. Confidentiality?
Answer: ability to keep patient information private

7. Computer systems should be kept?
Answer: cool, dry places out of sunlight, away from damaging items

8. Function of an electronic sign-in sheet in the medical office is to?
Answer: Maintain patient confidentiality and track patients in the office

9. Patient Medica Record is own by who?
Answer: Physician(s)

10.When the computer runs slow meaning?
Answer: Random Access Memory is Insufficient

11. When talking to a patient on the phone after saying goodbye the medical assistant should?
Answer: Wait the patient to hang up the phone first

12. Coinsurance mean?
Answer: a set of percentage that a patient must pay

13. Open hours scheduling?
Answer: Scheduling patients based on a first come, first served basis

14. Three components of a computer?
Answer: Hardware, software, peripherals

15. Another name for a preceptor?
Answer: Mentor

16. Common scheduling is?
Answer: Fixed appointment scheduling

17. Appointment Matrix?
Answer: depicts available appointment times and blocks out times for the physician

18. If patient transfer to another state the record should be?
Answer: Closed

19. Cluster scheduling?
Answer: Method of booking several patients around the same block of time

20. Account Payable mean?
Answer: the amount owed by a business for expenditures

Electronic Health Record/ Electronic Medical Record

HIPPA – Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996)
**It is important to protect patients informations from access of unauthorized people.

In electronic records you must understand; the key words or abbreviations:
1. CPOE – Computerized Physician Order Entry
2. DUR – Drug utilization review
3. DAW – Dispense as written
4. Sx – Symptoms
5. Hx – History
6. CC – Chief complaint
7. Sig – description (instruction for labelling a prescription)
8. E & M – (Evaluation & Management) most commonly used procedure codes
9. CPT – (Current Procedural Terminology) established by AAMA for Procedure Codes
10.ABN – Advance Beneficiary Notice
11.BMI – Body Mass Index
12.SOAP -(Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan)
S – chief complain
O – medical assistant note, health care note
A&P – Physician(s)
13.MRI – Medical Record Initiative
14.Px – Physical Exam
15.Dx – Diagnosis
16.Rx – Prescription
17.URI – Upper Respiratory Infection

OSHA ( Occupational Safety & Health Administration) – Established1970

1. Toxic chemicals
2. Lead
3. Asbestos
4. Cotton dust
5. Pesticides
6. Noise

OSHA’s ( Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Standard) were developed in 1991
– reduce employee risks of pathogen caused by diseases such as Hepatitis B and AIDS

Pathogen – is a disease causing microorganism

Role of Medical Assistant:
1. Medical Assistant need to be aware of and trained in general and medical safety procedures.
2. Essential for Medical Assistant to report any unsafe conditions to the proper person(s) immediately and follow all office safety rules.

General & Medical SAfety Procedures:
1. Lower the potential for harm to employees
2. The public
3. It will keep liability for injuries resulting from unsafe practices to a minimum

Personal Safety Measures
1. Avoid loose and baggy clothing that could get caught in equipment
2. Keep jewelry to a minimum (it can get caught in equipment & may harbor bacteria)
3. Wear shoes that are supportive and appropriate
4. Secure long hair back, as it can get caught in equipment
5. Store all personal items, such as your medication & jewelry in a secure area away from patients

Body mechanics:
1. Caring for patients or careful in moving
2. Lifting supplies & equipments
3. Proper body mechanics

Vital job of MA
1. MA must know how to lift
2. MA must know how to carry
3. MA must know how to move to protect herself from injury

An example:
1. Before lifting check the object to be lifted
2. Make sure floor is clean and dry where you are going to lift
3. Face the object, move your feet apart to a distance equal to your shoulder width and put one foot slightly forward
4. Bend at the knees then firmly grasp the object with both hands
5. Tighten your stomach muscles and keep your back straight
6. Lift the objec with your legs. This technique uses the stronger leg muscles to lift rather than the weaker back muscles.
7. If you need to turn, use your whole body
8. Seek help if object is heavy

Medical Assistant – Duties

Administrative
1. Greeting Patient
2. Handling correspondence
3. Scheduling Appointments
4. Answering telephones
5. Using computers, facsimile(fax)machines and other automated office equipment
6. Communicating with patient, families and co-workers
7. Creating and maintaining patient medical records
8. Handling billing, bookkeeping and insurance claim for processing
9. Performing medical transcription
10.Arranging for hospital admissions and testing procedures
11.Organizing and managing office supplies
12.Educating patients

Clinical

1. Asepsis and infection control
2. Preparing the examination and treatment areas
3. Interviewing patients and documenting patient’s vital signs and medical histories
4. Preparing patients for examinations and explaining treatment procedures to patients
5. Assisting the physician during examinations
6. Disposing of contaminated (soiled or stained) supplies
7.Performing diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs & EKGs)

Note: Duties will vary from office to office.

Combining Forms & Prefix ( Nervous System)

Combining Forms

1. Cerebell/o – cerebellum
2. Cerebr/o – cerebrum
3. Dur/o – Dura Meter
4. Encephal/o – brain
5. mening/o – membrane
6. myel/o – spinal cord, bone marrow
7. neur/o – nerve
8. poli/o – gray matter
9. psych/o – mind

Prefix

1. Hemi- half
2. Tetra- four

Actions of Muscles

1. Abduction – away from the midline
2. Adduction – toward the midline
3. Circumduction – circular motion
4. Depression – act of lowering a body part from a joint
5. Doriflexion – act of pointing the foot upward
6. Elevation – raising a body part from a joint
7. Eversion – turning outward
8. Extension – increase in the angle of a joint
9. Flexion – decrease in the angle of a joint
10.Hyperextension – in the angle of a joint beyond what is normal
11.Inversion – turning inward
12.Plantar flexion – pointing the foot downward
13.Pronation – turning downward or inward
14.Protraction – movement of a body part anteriorly
15.Retraction – movement of a body part posteriorly
16.Rotation – act or process of turning on an axis
17.Supination – act of turning upward or outward

Combining Forms & Suffixes( Musculoskeletal System)

Combining Forms

1. ankyl/o – stiff
2. arthr/o – joint
3. bucc/o – cheek
4. burs/o – bursa
5. calc/o – calcium
6. carp/o – wrist
7. cervic/o – neck
8. chondr/o – cartilage
9. cost/o – rib
10.crani/o – cranium (skull)
11.dors/o – back
12.fasci/o – band of fibrous tissue
13.fibr/o – fiber
14.kyph/o – hump
15.lamin/o – lamina
16.lei/o – smooth muscle
17.lord/o – curve
18.my/o – muscle
19.myos/o – muscle
20.oste/o – bone
21.pector/o – chest
22.rhabd/o – striated, skeletal muscle
23.spondyl/o – vertebra
24.synov/i – synovia
25.ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o – tendon

Suffixes

1. – asthenia weakness
2. – clasia breaking
3. – desis binding
4. – physis growth
5. – schisis splitting
6. – trophy development

Abbreviations

C1, C2….. to C7 (individual cervical vertebrae) 1st to 7th
Ca calcium
CTS Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
EMG Electromyography
fx fracture
ortho orthopedics
ROM range of motion
SLE Symtemic Lupus Erythematosus

Combining Forms & Suffixes(Integumentary System)

1. adip/o – fat
2. albin/o – white
3. cry/o – cold
4. cutane/o – skin
5. dermat/o – skin
6. erythr/o – red
7. hidr/o – sweat
8. hist/o – tissue
9. kerat/o – hard skin, horny tissue, keratin
10.leuk/o – white
11.lip/o – fat
12.onych/o – nail
13.seb/o – sebum(oil)
14.squam/o – scale
15. trich/o – hair
16.xanth/o – yellow
17.xer/o – dry

Suffixes
1. – malacia softening
2. – phagia eating, swallowing

Note: Abbreviation related to Integumentary System
1. Bx – biopsy
2. Derm – dermatology
3. SC, SubQ, SQ, subcu, Subq – subcutaneous

Human Body-4

1. Involuntary muscle – a muscle that works or moves on its own.
2. Voluntary muscle – a muscle that can be controlled.
3. Joint – a place in the body where bones come together and movement can occur.
4. Ligament – A tough, flexible connecting tissue that attaches one bone to another bone at a joint.
5. Nerve – Cells along which messages are carried to and from the brain.
6. Organ – Groups of tissues working together.
7. Reflex – An involuntary response not controlled by the brain.
8. Medulla – The smallest part of the brain that controls many involuntary movements.
9. Cell – The smallest unti of an organism that carries out all activities of life.
10.Cerebellum – The part of the brain that smoothes and coordinates movement.
11.Cerebrum – The part of the brain that controls the ability to think, learn, and talk.
12. Sensory nerve – A nerve that receives messages from inside or outside the body and sends them to the brain by way of the spinal cord.
13. Skeleton – A hard structure that supports and protects an animal or human body.
14. Spinal cord – A thick, cordlike bundle of nerves along which messages travel to and from the brain.
15. Tendon – A tough, white band of connecting tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone.
16. Tissue – Different cells working together to do the same job.
17. Oxygen – A gas having no color, smell, or taste that human need to live.
18. Carbon dioxide – A gas made of carbon and oxygen having no color or smell. When we breathe out, we put carbon dioxide into the air.
19. Ventricle – Either of the two lower chamber of the heart that receive blood.

Human Body-3

1. Nose – A body part on the face just below the eyes, through which air passes and through which one smells.

2. Pharynx – The space behind the cavity of the mouth into which the nostrils and esophagus open.

3. Larynx – The upper portion of the widepipe that contain the vocal cords (voice box).

4. Trachea – The main part of the system of tubes by which air passes to and from the lungs to make breathing possible.

5. Bronchial tubes- A branch of the windpipe that brings air to and from the lungs (the windpipe).

6. Lungs – One of the pair of organs for breathing found in the chest. The lungs take in oxygen from the air and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

7. Alveoli – Air cells in the lungs.

8. Respiration – The process of taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide which is breathing.

9. Exhale – To breathe out.

10.Inhale – To breathe air into the lungs.

9

Human Body-2

1. Femur – The long bone of the leg extending from hip to the knee and supporting the thigh.

2. Patella – The kneecap.

3. Tibia – The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the vertebrae hind leg between the knee and the ankle. Also called the shinbone.

4. Fibula – The outer and usually smaller of the two bones of the hind limb below the knee.

5. Tarsals – The small bones in the foot between the metatarsals and the leg – ankle.

6. Metatarsals – The bones in the foot.

7. Skull – The bones of the head that surround and protect the brain.

8. Ribs – Narrow bones that curve around the body from the spine in back to the breastbone in front. Ribs protect the organs inside.

9. Humerus – The long bone of the upper arm that extends from shoulder to elbow.

10.Vertebrae – Bones that form the backbone.

11. Pelvis – A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton.

12. Ulna – The bone on the little finger side of the forearm.

13. Radius – The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

14. Carpals – The bones of the wrist.

15. Metacarpals – The bones in the hand.

16. Phalanges – Any bone in the fingers or toes.

The Human Body -1

1. Arteries – any of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

2. Blood – The red liquid that flows throughout the bodies.

3. Blood Vessels – Tubes in the body through which blood circulates.

4. Capillaries – Blood vessels that join the end of an artery to the beginning of a vein.

5. Esophagus – The passage for food from the mouth to travel to the stomach.

6. Gallbladder – A sac attached to the liver, in which extra bile is stored until needed.

7. Heart – The muscular organ inside the chest that pumps blood through the body.

8. Large intestine- The lower part of the intestine, including the appendix, colon, and rectum.

9. Liver – A large reddish-brown organ in people and animals that helps the body absorb food.

10.Mouth – The section of the body containing the tongue and teeth which opens to allow food pass through.

11.Pancreas – A gland near the stomach that helps digestion.

12.Small intestine- The slender part extending from the stomach to the large intestine that completes the digestion of food.

13.Stomach – The large organ like a bag or pouch into which food passes from the mouth and throat begin the process of digestion

14. Veins – One of the blood vessels through which the blood flows to the heart from all parts of the
body.

Microbiology Informations-1

1. In microbiology it is necessary to differentiate between?
Answer: normal, resident flora, and pathogenic microorganisms

2. Specimen collection before treatment has begun helps to identify?
Answer: disease-causing organism

3. When cleaning the lens of the microscope you should?
Answer: warm water and soap

4. Sensitivity portion of a culture and sensitivity (C&S) is to determine?
Answer: most effective medication for treatment

5. Stool specimens can be collected ________after a radiology procedure.
Anwer: 24hrs

6. Positive Gram-stained pathogens appear?
Answer: blue/purple

7. Eukaryotes are?
Answer: fungi and parasites

8. Normal flora are?
Answer: generally harmless and potentially disease causing

9. Bacteria are classified in______ ways?
Answer: 2

10. Most common Gram-negative pathogen is?
Answer: E-Coli

11. Human parasites?
Answer: Arthopods, Helminthes,Protozoa

12. Toxic shock syndrome and urinary tract infections are caused by?
Answer: Staphylococcues aureus

13. Intensity of the odor change that is proportional to the concentration of the analyte is known as?
Answer: Beer-Lambert Law

14. Normal Blood Glucose
Answer: 70 to 110mg/dL

15. White Blood Cell(WBC) play important role in the body’s _______ and _______
Answer: immune defense and protect against disease

16. Capillary puncture is performed when?
Answer: small amount of blood is needed

17. Blood smear are made from?
Answer: fresh blood and/or anticoagulated specimen

18. Hematocrit is a blood test to screen?
Answer: anemia

19. RBC size can be?
Answer: microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic

20. Formation of blood?
Answer: hematopoiesis